Botulinum toxin, more commonly known as Botox, is a neurotoxin produced by bacteria that can be deadly in large doses. Scientists have estimated that one gram of the crystalline form of the toxin could kill one million people, and a few kilograms could potentially wipe out the entire human population. Botox kills its victims by disrupting communication between nerves and muscles, leading to respiratory failure. Currently, Botox Cosmetic is the only form of the toxin approved for cosmetic use, specifically for temporarily improving glabellar lines.
It is also widely used to treat muscle spasms such as cervical dystonia and severe neck spasms. Small amounts of highly diluted toxin are injected into specific sites for localized effects. In rare cases, there may be side effects from injections such as difficulty chewing solid foods. Guidelines for injectors list the signs to look out for.
Beyond wrinkles, doctors prescribe Botox for conditions such as incontinence, excessive blinking, and migraines. In response to a case report of a woman who died after receiving a mixture of Botox and lidocaine for chronic neck and back pain, consumer advocacy group Public Citizen asked the FDA to reinforce warnings to users of Botox and Myobloc. The FDA responded by issuing a warning letter to doctors and ordering that a black box warning be placed on botulinum toxin injection containers, as well as product information brochures highlighting the adverse effects of the drug. Bottulinum toxin bottles used in clinics and hospitals are packaged so that a whole bottle can be injected without delivering a lethal dose.
In the past, botulism killed 50 percent of Americans who had it; however, with improvements in intensive care, that number has dropped to less than five percent. It is important to understand the potential risks associated with Botox injections before undergoing treatment. Keep reading to learn more about the safety of Botox, common uses, side effects to look out for, and more.
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